Obesity

Obesity is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as an abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health. It is commonly assessed using the Body Mass Index (BMI):

• Overweight: BMI between 25–29.9 kg/m²
• Obesity: BMI over 30 kg/m²

Health Risks Associated with Obesity

Obesity is a significant risk factor for several serious health conditions, including:

• Type 2 diabetes mellitus
• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
• Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
• Cardiovascular diseases
• Certain types of cancer

Mechanisms Behind Obesity

Obesity primarily develops when caloric intake exceeds energy expenditure, leading to excess energy being stored as fat in the body. The two main types of fat are:

• White Adipose Tissue (WAT): Serves as the primary energy storage depot and acts as an active endocrine organ, releasing hormones and other factors that influence metabolism and inflammation.

• Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT): Specializes in producing heat through adaptive thermogenesis, especially during cold exposure. Although it constitutes only 1–2% of total fat, BAT plays a vital role in maintaining blood glucose levels and energy homeostasis.

Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome

Obesity is closely linked to metabolic syndrome, a cluster of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, diabetes, and stroke. Key components of metabolic syndrome include:

• Glucose intolerance
• Insulin resistance
• Dyslipidemia
• Central obesity
• Hypertension

The average prevalence of metabolic syndrome is 31%, and it is associated with a two-fold increase in the risk of coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, as well as a 1.5-fold increase in the risk of all-cause mortality.

Role of Adipose Tissue in Health

Adipose tissue, commonly known as body fat, is not merely a storage depot for excess energy. It is an active organ that plays a crucial role in regulating whole-body health. Adipose tissue contains nerve cells and blood vessels and communicates through hormone signals with other organs throughout the body.

Recent Developments in Obesity Diagnosis

Recent discussions among medical experts suggest revising how obesity is defined and diagnosed, moving beyond solely relying on BMI. Recommendations include considering fat distribution and its impact on organ function. This approach aims to improve obesity prevention and treatment by recognizing obesity as a disease that requires tailored care.

Conclusion

Obesity is a complex condition with significant health implications. Understanding its causes, associated risks, and the role of adipose tissue is essential for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. Ongoing research and evolving diagnostic criteria continue to enhance our approach to managing obesity and its related health issues.